Still, detailed comparison suggests that NGT patterns differently from other non-manual-dominant sign languages, thereby improving our understanding of the typological variation in this domain. We are here adding data from Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT) to the picture, and we demonstrate that NGT belongs to the latter group.
#Screen calipers manual#
Typological comparisons have revealed an intriguing dichotomy: while some sign languages require a manual negative element in negative clauses (manual-dominant sign languages), in others negation can be realized by a non-manual marker alone (in particular a headshake non-manual-dominant sign languages). The expression of standard negation by means of manual and/or non-manual markers has been described for a considerable number of sign languages. We thus find evidence for the complex influences on non-manual behavior in signers of sign languages, and showcase a quantitative approach to this field. There are also some interactions between the two factors, as well as some differences between hearing and deaf native signers, namely a smaller effect of polar questions for the deaf group, and a different interaction between emotions and wh-question marking in the two groups. We found that emotions and sentence types influence eyebrow position in KRSL: eyebrows are raised for polar questions and surprise, and lowered for anger.
#Screen calipers software#
We used OpenPose software to track eyebrow position in the video recordings. We asked 9 native signers (5 deaf, 4 hearing children of deaf adults) to sign 10 simple sentences in 9 conditions (3 emotions * 3 sentence types). We investigated what happens when different emotions (neutral/surprise/anger) are combined with different sentence types (statement/polar question/wh-question) in Kazakh-Russian Sign Language (KRSL), replicating studies previously made for other sign languages. For instance, surprise and polar questions can be marked by raised eyebrows, while anger is usually marked by lowered eyebrows. Emotions and grammatical functions can utilize the same articulators, and the combinations can be congruent or incongruent. Other factors like age and face database's legitimacy are discussed.įacial expressions in sign languages are used to express grammatical functions, such as question marking, but can also be used to express emotions (either the signer’s own or in constructed action contexts). We speculate that deaf people found face masks more approachable due to societal norms when interacting with people wearing masks. This suggests that deaf people perceive more intense information from facial expressions and face masks are more inhibiting for deaf people than hearing people. From this comparison, signers exhibited a larger tendency to rate facial expressions more intensely than hearing people. This experiment was a repeat of a previous study conducted on hearing participants, and a post hoc comparison was performed to assess rating differences between signers and hearing people. Masked faces also appeared older, albeit a tendency to look more approachable. Results indicated that, when compared to masked faces, signers rated no-masked faces with stronger valence intensity across all expressions. Signers rated still-image faces with and without face masks for the following characteristics: arousal and valence of three facial expressions (happy, neutral, sad), invariant characteristics (DV:sex, age), and trait-like characteristics (attractiveness, trustworthiness, approachability). Specifically, we analyzed data from a sample of 59 signers who were born deaf and investigated the impacts of face masks on non-linguistic characteristics of the face. For this study, we focused on signers who were born deaf. In general, signers could be born deaf or acquire hearing loss later in life. Since sign language users are known to process facial information not only perceptually but also linguistically, examining face processing in deaf signers may reveal how linguistic aspects add to perceptual information. Face masks occlude parts of the face which hinders social communication and emotion recognition.
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